Red Fox Agate

<p>Red Fox Agate is a rare and unique agate variety that is found in Patagonia, Argentina. It is formed in volcanic geodes, which are hollow rocks that are lined with crystals. Red Fox Agate is characterized by its red, botryoidal hematite inclusions, which give the stone a distinctive "foxy" appearance. The agate is also often found with dendritic patterns of blue agate, which adds to its beauty. </p><p>Red Fox Agate is a relatively new discovery, and it was first found in 1997. It is a rare and valuable stone, and it is prized for its beauty and its unique properties.<br /></p><h3 data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Red Fox Agate Formation </h3><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Red Fox Agate is formed in gas bubbles that become trapped in lava as it cools. These gas bubbles eventually fill with silica-rich water, which deposits layers of chalcedony and quartz on the walls of the bubble. The red and orange coloring of Red Fox Agate is caused by iron oxide impurities in the silica-rich water. </p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" data-amp-style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td data-amp-style="text-align: center;"><a data-amp-style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggj0GP1hpAm7uWNEbrE0cihlp6K6KMjCpYHmrlJwZ855RhcY6Mf7Aic3azL02YXCDi3u8pdy1edlsZy54G_QA8EXT3WYdtotULaoLwg1rsgZ3ZGwrTR0-jP0xmB_QAgoCJubiFpgPDrgEMyJVeurl_k3409SjIkCXC7_w0DHpCKTfpdAjP2IdDJtvUA7E/s1200/Red-Fox-Agate.jpg"><amp-img alt="Red Fox Agate" height="620" layout="responsive" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggj0GP1hpAm7uWNEbrE0cihlp6K6KMjCpYHmrlJwZ855RhcY6Mf7Aic3azL02YXCDi3u8pdy1edlsZy54G_QA8EXT3WYdtotULaoLwg1rsgZ3ZGwrTR0-jP0xmB_QAgoCJubiFpgPDrgEMyJVeurl_k3409SjIkCXC7_w0DHpCKTfpdAjP2IdDJtvUA7E/w1200-h1162/Red-Fox-Agate.jpg" width="640"></amp-img><noscript class="amp"><img alt="Red Fox Agate" border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1200" decoding="async" height="620" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggj0GP1hpAm7uWNEbrE0cihlp6K6KMjCpYHmrlJwZ855RhcY6Mf7Aic3azL02YXCDi3u8pdy1edlsZy54G_QA8EXT3WYdtotULaoLwg1rsgZ3ZGwrTR0-jP0xmB_QAgoCJubiFpgPDrgEMyJVeurl_k3409SjIkCXC7_w0DHpCKTfpdAjP2IdDJtvUA7E/w1200-h1162-rw/Red-Fox-Agate.jpg" title="Red Fox Agate" width="640"></noscript></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" data-amp-style="text-align: center;">Red Fox Agate. Photo: The Mineral Collective <br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p></p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"><b>Here is a more detailed explanation of the formation of it:</b><br /><br />Volcanic activity: Red Fox Agate is formed in areas of volcanic activity. As lava cools, it releases gases that form bubbles in the rock. The gas bubbles eventually collapse, leaving behind hollow cavities. These bubbles can vary in size from a few millimeters to several meters in diameter. </p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Silica-rich fluids: The silica-rich fluids deposit layers of chalcedony and quartz on the walls of the cavities, forming agate.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Agate formation: The layers of silica that deposit on the walls of the bubble eventually form agate. Agate is a type of chalcedony, which is a microcrystalline form of quartz. The different colors of agate are caused by impurities in the silica-rich fluids.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Red coloration: The Red Fox Agate red color is caused by iron oxide. Iron oxide is a common impurity in silica-rich fluids, and it can deposit on the walls of the bubble along with the silica. The iron oxide can form a variety of shapes, including botryoidal hematite, which is a common feature of Red Fox Agate.<br /></p><h3 data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Physical Properties </h3><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"><b>Here's a summary of the physical properties of Red Fox Agate:</b><br /></p><ul data-amp-style="text-align: left;"><li><p><b>Color</b>:  is characterized by its red and orange botryoidal hematite inclusions, which resemble the fur of a red fox. </p></li><li><p><b>Transparency:</b> is typically translucent, meaning that light can pass through it but the object is not clear.</p></li><li><p><b>Luster:</b> has a waxy luster, meaning that it has a dull sheen that resembles wax.</p></li><li><p><b>Hardness</b>:  a Mohs hardness of 6.5-7, which means that it can scratch glass but not quartz.</p></li><li><p><b>Density:</b> Red Fox Agate has a specific gravity of 2.58-2.64, which means that it is slightly denser than water.</p></li><li><p><b>Chemical composition:</b> <span class="ILfuVd" lang="en"><span class="hgKElc">SiO₂ </span></span> (silicon dioxide) with inclusions of hematite (iron oxide)</p></li><li><p><b>Crystal system:</b> is a member of the chalcedony family, which belongs to the trigonal crystal system.</p></li><li><p><b>Cleavage: </b>has no cleavage, which means that it does not break along preferred planes.</p></li><li><p><b>Fracture:</b> has a conchoidal fracture, which means that it breaks with a smooth, curved surface.</p></li></ul><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;">  </p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" data-amp-style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td data-amp-style="text-align: center;"><a data-amp-style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju47gSm45M7TSfcVAZPt7dkasvBTJQX0X2Hfb93bJkfExDC171Fbwcx29RDyHwhKSnZAxjdDUG29uD8V4VuvkQP2lj_bwsJu42RT9OUC3kCRivH6rb3aIb14JrSW7VxhkiJ_B-WyCaDjpfhNjvScboXSm-htmfx5vdkBm3jvgArZgrPwUGUui_NxqP4zI/s1249/red-fox-agate-geode.jpeg"><amp-img alt="Red Fox Agate Geode" height="400" layout="responsive" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju47gSm45M7TSfcVAZPt7dkasvBTJQX0X2Hfb93bJkfExDC171Fbwcx29RDyHwhKSnZAxjdDUG29uD8V4VuvkQP2lj_bwsJu42RT9OUC3kCRivH6rb3aIb14JrSW7VxhkiJ_B-WyCaDjpfhNjvScboXSm-htmfx5vdkBm3jvgArZgrPwUGUui_NxqP4zI/w346-h400/red-fox-agate-geode.jpeg" width="346"></amp-img><noscript class="amp"><img alt="Red Fox Agate Geode" border="0" data-original-height="1249" data-original-width="1080" decoding="async" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEju47gSm45M7TSfcVAZPt7dkasvBTJQX0X2Hfb93bJkfExDC171Fbwcx29RDyHwhKSnZAxjdDUG29uD8V4VuvkQP2lj_bwsJu42RT9OUC3kCRivH6rb3aIb14JrSW7VxhkiJ_B-WyCaDjpfhNjvScboXSm-htmfx5vdkBm3jvgArZgrPwUGUui_NxqP4zI/w346-h400-rw/red-fox-agate-geode.jpeg" title="Red Fox Agate Geode" width="346"></noscript></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" data-amp-style="text-align: center;">Red Fox Agate Geode<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><p></p><h3 data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Where to find it</h3><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Red Fox Agate is found exclusively in Patagonia, Argentina, particularly in the Santa Cruz Province. It is primarily sourced from the Cerro Cristal region, located near the town of Perito Moreno. The agate is formed in volcanic rocks that originated from the Cordón Cabezón volcanic complex, which was active during the Miocene Epoch.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Red Fox Agate is typically found in alluvial deposits, which are loose sediments that have been transported by water from their original source. These deposits are often found in riverbeds and valleys in the Patagonia region. The agate is also sometimes found in situ, meaning it is still in its original volcanic rock formation.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" data-amp-style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td data-amp-style="text-align: center;"><a data-amp-style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKFwJc0dD57JiBNQdpcmxEckuIcjFHI32ieBGJ5fJPBHUbolzfKqtR1HH-3seJQDNtBe31HniKx-cPm5fK-yRtNGqC6AzHZmTgvIXskhohxKHknJr3hgp1kaQeQDn8GPEuAHH2xjpaRAs61iukG-LD5iQPMrGMU9LknojBvpQmtU0bJHfmt9c2Slo6zEo/s1080/red-fox-agate-geode-.jpeg"><amp-img alt="Red Fox Agate - Argantina" height="400" layout="responsive" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKFwJc0dD57JiBNQdpcmxEckuIcjFHI32ieBGJ5fJPBHUbolzfKqtR1HH-3seJQDNtBe31HniKx-cPm5fK-yRtNGqC6AzHZmTgvIXskhohxKHknJr3hgp1kaQeQDn8GPEuAHH2xjpaRAs61iukG-LD5iQPMrGMU9LknojBvpQmtU0bJHfmt9c2Slo6zEo/w400-h400/red-fox-agate-geode-.jpeg" width="400"></amp-img><noscript class="amp"><img alt="Red Fox Agate - Argantina" border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1080" decoding="async" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKFwJc0dD57JiBNQdpcmxEckuIcjFHI32ieBGJ5fJPBHUbolzfKqtR1HH-3seJQDNtBe31HniKx-cPm5fK-yRtNGqC6AzHZmTgvIXskhohxKHknJr3hgp1kaQeQDn8GPEuAHH2xjpaRAs61iukG-LD5iQPMrGMU9LknojBvpQmtU0bJHfmt9c2Slo6zEo/w400-h400-rw/red-fox-agate-geode-.jpeg" title="Red Fox Agate - Argantina" width="400"></noscript></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" data-amp-style="text-align: center;">Red Fox Agate - Argantina</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /><p></p><h3 data-amp-style="text-align: left;">Uses of Red Fox Agate</h3><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;">it is primarily used in jewelry, where its captivating appearance enhances various designs. Here are some specific uses of Red Fox Agate:<br /><br /><b>Jewelry: </b> is commonly used to create eye-catching necklaces, pendants, earrings, bracelets, and rings. Its vibrant colors and intricate patterns make it a popular choice for both men's and women's jewelry.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"><b>Gemstone Collection: </b>Mineral enthusiasts and collectors highly value Red Fox Agate due to its rarity, beauty, and geological significance. They appreciate its unique formation process and the captivating patterns within the agate.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"><b>Decorative Objects:</b> Red Fox Agate can be transformed into decorative objects, such as paperweights, bookends, and sculptures. Its polished surfaces and mesmerizing patterns add elegance and intrigue to any room.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"><b>Healing Crystals:</b> In some alternative healing practices, Red Fox Agate is believed to possess healing properties. It is associated with promoting creativity, intuition, and transformation, and some believe it can enhance mental clarity and emotional balance.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"><b>Cultural Significance: </b> holds cultural significance in some regions, particularly in Argentina. It is sometimes associated with the spirit of the red fox, symbolizing wisdom, adaptability, and a connection to nature.</p><p data-amp-style="text-align: left;"><br /></p> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org/", "@type": "Article", "mainEntityOfPage": { "@type": "WebPage", }, "headline": "Red Fox Agate", "description": "Red Fox Agate is a rare and unique agate variety characterized by its red, botryoidal hematite inclusions, which give the stone a distinctive \"foxy\" appearance.", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggj0GP1hpAm7uWNEbrE0cihlp6K6KMjCpYHmrlJwZ855RhcY6Mf7Aic3azL02YXCDi3u8pdy1edlsZy54G_QA8EXT3WYdtotULaoLwg1rsgZ3ZGwrTR0-jP0xmB_QAgoCJubiFpgPDrgEMyJVeurl_k3409SjIkCXC7_w0DHpCKTfpdAjP2IdDJtvUA7E/s1200/Red-Fox-Agate.jpg", "width": "1200", "height": "1162" }, "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "GeologyIn team" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "GeologyIn team", "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://i.ibb.co/sHbrjVM/Geology-INN.webp", "width": "175", "height": "55" } }, "datePublished": "2023-11-26T21:34:00+03:00", "dateModified": "2023-12-01T19:19:00+03:00" } </script>

Red Fox Agate

Red Fox Agate is a rare and unique agate variety that is found in Patagonia, Argentina. It is formed in volcanic geodes, which are hollow ro...

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5 Impressive Health Benefits of Pumpkin

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="text-align: left;"> pumpkins</h2> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglh6QFvmCy0oX9bHG9w5F71hzoOm2EpyqKlGcgoHcCkBvWIZMkhVBfTp2DVdIjFG3gVlyyhpx5YiidWBGGuYilWkbtAemtaib0lwgN2xlNaAqd6-KbcQeOaZVT8Qyt1lKq8oFIZQcqKVz8/s1600/9+Impressive+Health+Benefits+of+Pumpkin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="259" height="481" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglh6QFvmCy0oX9bHG9w5F71hzoOm2EpyqKlGcgoHcCkBvWIZMkhVBfTp2DVdIjFG3gVlyyhpx5YiidWBGGuYilWkbtAemtaib0lwgN2xlNaAqd6-KbcQeOaZVT8Qyt1lKq8oFIZQcqKVz8/s640-rw/9+Impressive+Health+Benefits+of+Pumpkin.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div> <br /></div> When you think about pumpkins, what comes to mind? Many people think of pumpkins as little more than a Halloween decoration or a Thanksgiving pie filling. However, it may be time to rethink this plump, nutritious orange plant.<br /> Beyond its delicious taste, pumpkin is nutritious and linked to many health benefits.<br /> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> Here are the health benefits of pumpkin.</h3> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> Highly Nutritious and Particularly Rich in Vitamin A:</h4> Pumpkin has an impressive nutrient profile<br /> One cup of cooked pumpkin (245 grams) contains (2):<br /> Calories: 49 Fat: 0.2 grams Protein: 2 grams Carbs: 12 grams<br /> Fiber: 3 grams Vitamin A: 245% of the Reference Daily Intake (RDI)<br /> Vitamin C: 19% of the RDI Potassium: 16% of the RDI Copper: 11% of the RDI Manganese: 11% of the RDI Vitamin B2: 11% of the RDI<br /> Vitamin E: 10% of the RDI Iron: 8% of the RDI Small amounts of magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, folate and several B vitamins.<br /> Besides being packed with vitamins and minerals, pumpkin is also relatively low in calories, as it’s 94% water.<br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> Weight Loss:</h4> Pumpkin is rich in fiber, which slows digestion. "Pumpkin keeps you feeling fuller longer," says Caroline Kaufman, MS, RDN and an upwave diet and nutrition expert. "There's seven grams of fiber in a cup of canned pumpkin. That's more than what you'd get in two slices of whole-grain bread.Pumpkin may be filling, but it's also a low-calorie superstar. "Canned pumpkin is nearly 90 percent water, so besides the fact that it helps keep you hydrated, it has fewer than 50 calories per serving," Kaufman says.<br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> Immune health:</h4> Looking for a way to ward off illness and improve your immune system? Try pumpkin. Pumpkin pulp and seeds are high in both vitamin C and beta-carotene "vitamin A" the fruit provides helps your body fight infections, viruses and infectious diseases. Pumpkin oil even helps fight various bacterial and fungal infections. Plus, pumpkin is packed with nearly 20 percent of the recommended amount of daily vitamin C, which may help you recover from colds faster.<br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> Reduce Your Risk of Chronic Diseases:</h4> Free radicals are molecules produced by your body’s metabolic process. Though highly unstable, they have useful roles, such as destroying harmful bacteria.<br /> Pumpkin contains the antioxidants alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin and many others, which may protect your cells against damage by free radicals.<br /> <h4 style="text-align: left;"> Sharp Vision:</h4> It’s quite common for eyesight to diminish with age.<br /> Pumpkins’ high vitamin A contents may protect your eyes against sight loss, which becomes more common with age.<br /> Pumpkin is also one of the best sources of lutein and zeaxanthin, two compounds linked to lower risks of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21418822">1</a>).<br /> <div> <br /></div> </div>

5 Impressive Health Benefits of Pumpkin

pumpkins When you think about pumpkins, what comes to mind? Many people think of pumpkins as little more than a Halloween decoration ...

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How Can You Have Glow Face Skin Naturally Easy Way

<h2> How Can You Have Glow Face Skin Naturally Easy Way<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_OJePtveQgyMQl2NDY1T7yRbJZUwIapFPhjPTvvPp_k6BuppajpwiqebLOUzW4hDuy84ugjtLKgCr229UtBtqlPzNOfL8QaANSaAxc28RYKcWIUQFVhbaEqzcHsgSNsg0FAe7YTeug_Oo/s1600/How+Can+You+Have+Glow+Face+Skin+Naturally+Easy+Way.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="800" height="400" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_OJePtveQgyMQl2NDY1T7yRbJZUwIapFPhjPTvvPp_k6BuppajpwiqebLOUzW4hDuy84ugjtLKgCr229UtBtqlPzNOfL8QaANSaAxc28RYKcWIUQFVhbaEqzcHsgSNsg0FAe7YTeug_Oo/s640-rw/How+Can+You+Have+Glow+Face+Skin+Naturally+Easy+Way.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> </h2> There is few way to have it but what is the easy one?<br /> <br /> Coconut oil have a lot of benefits for our skin specially our face skin, some of that benefits its give the skin radiance and glow naturally.<br /> Using oil everyday at night, that improve your skin elasticity, the moisturizing for the skin lead to remove wrinkles and lines<br /> <br /> Step 1: Massage with gentle circular motions coconut oil to affected area for minutes.<br /> Step 2: Don't clean it and leave it overnight.<br /> <br /> Note : You can do the same everyday at night.

How Can You Have Glow Face Skin Naturally Easy Way

How Can You Have Glow Face Skin Naturally Easy Way There is few way to have it but what is the easy one? Coconut oil have a lot of...

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Crocoite: The Toxic Beauty

<h4 style="text-align: left;">Crocoite: The Beautiful, Toxic Mineral</h4><p style="text-align: left;">Crocoite is a lead chromate mineral with a brilliant orange-red color. Crocoite is a highly toxic mineral and can be harmful if ingested or inhaled. It is also a fire hazard and can ignite spontaneously when exposed to heat. It is a rare mineral that is typically found in hydrothermal veins and oxidized lead deposits. </p>Crocoite provides a nice color to the mineral kingdom and is well known for its distinctive orange-red color. Its main source of quality specimens comes from the Dundas District of Tasmania, Australia.<p>Crocoite is a rare lead chromate, known in the oxidation zone of lead deposits, especially those located near ultra-basic chromium-rich rocks. <br /><br />It was discovered at the Berezovskoe Au Deposit (Berezovsk Mines) near Ekaterinburg in the Urals in 1766; and <b>named</b> crocoise by F. S. Beudant in 1832, from the Greek κρόκος (krokos), <b>saffron</b>, in allusion to its color, a name first altered to crocoisite and afterwards to crocoite.<br /></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM2Ji1VSACVylXEwwTsbTabgYtrGxitQHb4n1e5pYNeWk0qwsLBR4Z9U5CnH4z0pEvN8roVT82fbrbRPnhNaf3vceK5607rjL2udnUw3PFCa_-sca_Q1ILeGdTCFDULSshW9vaPXFVwci8gT1zlT0N71kHOwingTh-LkmWhTlJcNJXipgretu9yeZb/s1200/Crocoite.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Crocoite: The Beautiful, Toxic Mineral" border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="1200" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM2Ji1VSACVylXEwwTsbTabgYtrGxitQHb4n1e5pYNeWk0qwsLBR4Z9U5CnH4z0pEvN8roVT82fbrbRPnhNaf3vceK5607rjL2udnUw3PFCa_-sca_Q1ILeGdTCFDULSshW9vaPXFVwci8gT1zlT0N71kHOwingTh-LkmWhTlJcNJXipgretu9yeZb/s16000-rw/Crocoite.webp" title="Crocoite from the Dundas extended mine, Dundas, Tasmania, Australia" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crocoite from the Dundas extended mine, Dundas, Tasmania, Australia<br />Photo: Henk Smeets/Tomeik Minerals.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p></p><div style="text-align: left;">The relative rarity of crocoite is connected with the specific conditions required for its formation: an oxidation zone of lead ore bed and presence of ultramafic rocks serving as the source of chromium (in chromite). Oxidation o<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">f <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #202122; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Cr</span><sup style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #202122; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">3+</sup> into <span style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #202122; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">CrO</span><sub style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #202122; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">4</sub><sup style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #202122; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">2−</sup> </span></span>(from chromite) and decomposition of galena (or other primary lead minerals) are required for crocoite formation. These conditions are relatively unusual.</div><div style="text-align: left;"> </div><div style="text-align: left;">As crocoite is composed of lead(II) chromate, it is <b>toxic</b>, containing both lead and hexavalent chromium. <br /><div style="margin: 0px auto; width: 100%;"> <script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1021498709184325"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1021498709184325" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="3878143984" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><br /></div><h4 style="text-align: left;">Properties of Crocoite:<br /></h4><p><b><span class="YrbPuc WGKbId BBwThe">Chemical Formula: </span></b><span>PbCrO₄</span><br /><b>Color</b> is bright orange-red to yellowish-red.<br /><b>Luster</b> is adamantine to greasy.<br /><b>Transparency</b>: Crystals are translucent to transparent.<br /><b>Crystal System</b> is monoclinic; 2/m<br /><b>Crystal Habits</b> include prismatic crystals somewhat square in cross-sections, often striated lengthwise. Terminations are usually poorly developed and appear uneven or pitted. Also, granular and columnar.<br /><b>Cleavage</b> is distinct in two directions lengthwise, prismatic.<br /><b>Fracture</b> is conchoidal and uneven.<br /><b>Hardness</b> is 2.5 - 3.<br /><b>Specific Gravity</b> is approximately 6.0+ (very heavy for translucent minerals)<br /><b>Streak</b> is orange-yellow.<br /><b>Other Characteristics</b>: Index of refraction is a very high 2.36<br /><b>Type Material: </b>Natural History Museum, Paris, France.<br /><b>Associated Minerals</b> are wulfenite, pyromorphite, cerussite, limonite and vanadanite.<br /><b>Notable Occurrences </b>include Dundas District, Tasmania, Australia; Ural Mountains, Russia and Inyo and Riverside Counties in California, USA.<br /><b>Best Field Indicators</b> are crystal habit, locality, density, high luster and color.<br /></p><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2-Moa-MJm6g0yqutKWKdi3i3_PcjBIBFTg0t9Ua-y6tq9n5ixh3yhX0JnuFqGG9ZY_f_-zxN3nouRRRdrrRxZl7ss5hkksaX5UMcOYIQFuDBXxYdxZS4pxIQA8ShTMPhh2j5Hi0Qx6nOv2e44BFDIHcKHJBFLyAu76qC1ulvl8bqmVQunBNwiQc7T/s1200/Crocoite%20from%20the%20Red%20Lead%20Mine,%20Dundas,%20Tasmania,%20Australi%202.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Crocoite: The Beautiful, Toxic Mineral" border="0" data-original-height="798" data-original-width="1200" height="266" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2-Moa-MJm6g0yqutKWKdi3i3_PcjBIBFTg0t9Ua-y6tq9n5ixh3yhX0JnuFqGG9ZY_f_-zxN3nouRRRdrrRxZl7ss5hkksaX5UMcOYIQFuDBXxYdxZS4pxIQA8ShTMPhh2j5Hi0Qx6nOv2e44BFDIHcKHJBFLyAu76qC1ulvl8bqmVQunBNwiQc7T/w400-h266-rw/Crocoite%20from%20the%20Red%20Lead%20Mine,%20Dundas,%20Tasmania,%20Australi%202.webp" title="Crocoite" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crocoite  crystals from the Red Lead Mine, Dundas, Tasmania, Australia<br />Photo: Eric Hunt/Flickr</td></tr></tbody></table><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyhfrFD8BbWZEfSDTBu9V0zjQadV4PVwezVy1LYgKZj6nRa3GQuzUsaAC4SEcVep7CEkbldmW4mVdLJzUpqgA8pxlEuG2TZ3u5vgvFXLnnjc5lqQvs9jwasxyzKW42c2vfdmIOOYCecsOxCqRobQyv1toDuSDTQ6E0Mlp_tFkCDHV3CGOpnVji1Th3/s1159/1266507115-Krokoit-Rotbleierz-Crocoite.webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Crocoite: The Beautiful, Toxic Mineral" border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1159" height="310" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyhfrFD8BbWZEfSDTBu9V0zjQadV4PVwezVy1LYgKZj6nRa3GQuzUsaAC4SEcVep7CEkbldmW4mVdLJzUpqgA8pxlEuG2TZ3u5vgvFXLnnjc5lqQvs9jwasxyzKW42c2vfdmIOOYCecsOxCqRobQyv1toDuSDTQ6E0Mlp_tFkCDHV3CGOpnVji1Th3/w400-h310-rw/1266507115-Krokoit-Rotbleierz-Crocoite.webp" title="Crocoite crystals from the Red Lead Mine, Dundas, Tasmania, Australia" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Crocoite  crystals from the Red Lead Mine, Dundas, Tasmania, Australia<br />Photo: Ingo Lange</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p>

Crocoite: The Toxic Beauty

Crocoite: The Beautiful, Toxic Mineral Crocoite is a lead chromate mineral with a brilliant orange-red color. Crocoite is a highly toxic min...

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Fish Are Helping Scientists Find Gold

<p style="text-align: left;">Enormous amounts of gold lie buried beneath the rubble of New Zealand’s mountains, and scientists are using freshwater fish genetics to find it.<br /><br />New Zealand straddles the boundary of two tectonic plates and as a result is in a constant state of upheaval. As mountains rise and fall, rivers are split, diverted, and joined. In some cases, they have even reversed flow.<br /><br />A geologist, a biologist, and an ecologist recently put their expertise together to simultaneously trace the movement of fish and gold through the country’s rivers. The results point to hidden riches, and the team’s approach has informed research around the world.</p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6aBqnx7E-PERi3lcg6oNBDV8BdUip1zc07h4bpr0z_ZPcjZX3KjQROiCMI0uPfwDLhKNF4lG5ZlPBLM87k9dOh-K6OoGoJ6zNUFOx-RYMkxa71wqOSDSHM-0VXwxl1PTGIbr38Va4EpaeoT7Q5Q7wzJyOW1qd67ngATk584hJLQ1UHmW83vFLbKJd/s1280/Fish%20Are%20Helping%20Scientists%20Find%20Gold%20(1).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Fish Are Helping Scientists Find Gold" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6aBqnx7E-PERi3lcg6oNBDV8BdUip1zc07h4bpr0z_ZPcjZX3KjQROiCMI0uPfwDLhKNF4lG5ZlPBLM87k9dOh-K6OoGoJ6zNUFOx-RYMkxa71wqOSDSHM-0VXwxl1PTGIbr38Va4EpaeoT7Q5Q7wzJyOW1qd67ngATk584hJLQ1UHmW83vFLbKJd/s16000-rw/Fish%20Are%20Helping%20Scientists%20Find%20Gold%20(1).jpeg" title="Fish Are Helping Scientists Find Gold" /></a></div><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Along for the Ride</h4><p style="text-align: left;">Caught amid New Zealand’s geological turbulence are tiny native freshwater fish—species in the genus <i>Galaxias</i>. Over millions of years, galaxiid populations have been split by river capture—the diversion, by geological change, of rivers into different catchments.<br /></p><div style="margin: 0px auto; width: 100%;"> <script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1021498709184325"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1021498709184325" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="3878143984" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><br />In the southern province of Otago, rivers also carry gold eroded from the basement schist across the landscape. Nineteenth century miners flocked to Otago to dredge, pan, and sluice its lucrative waters.<br /><br />Gold is also found in Otago’s neighboring province, Southland. Because Southland has far less gold-bearing basement rock, geologists have deduced that a large river system once carried most of this gold from Otago to Southland.<br /><br />Today, though, the two provinces are separated by a mountain range, described by University of Otago geologist Dave Craw as a “Hadrian’s Wall,” which prevents water from flowing between them.<br /><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Casual Conversation</h4><p style="text-align: left;">In the late 1990s, Craw met up for a drink with his University of Otago colleague biologist Jon Waters. Waters was struggling to explain another unlikely connection between Southland and Otago—a galaxiid species he’d found living on both sides of the drainage divide.<br /><br />They went on to apply the same techniques elsewhere in Otago. “We started looking for more clues, and we’ve continually found more,” Waters said. “There are places where the fish record is strong and the geology isn’t, and places where the geological record is strong and the fish are less informative. But by putting the two together, we can put the pieces of the jigsaw puzzle together.”<br /><br />From numerous studies, the team calibrated a “geogenomic clock” that they can now apply to river capture queries around New Zealand. It’s also helped them predict where old, gold-bearing rivers may be buried.<br /><br />Fish genes, Craw said, are often far more useful than rocks for narrowing down the exact timing of geological events—something that is crucial when looking for mineral deposits. “You need to know what rivers went where, and when,” he said.<br /><br />Craw and Waters, along with ecologist Ciaran Campbell at the Otago Regional Council, recently turned their attention to Southland. In their latest study, published in the New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, the group used fish dating as one tool to predict where a number of old, gold-bearing rivers flowed. In doing so, they also identified a probable new species of galaxiid.<br /><br />Pedro Val, a geomorphologist with the City University of New York who was not involved in the study, compares fish genes with sediments to date river changes in the Amazon Basin. “It makes total sense,” he said. “Fish are passively inhabiting the river. If the rivers are changing, fish are going along with it, and the same with sediment. It’s kind of the perfect scenario where you get two independent things showing the same process.”<br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Fish Genetics Around the World</h4><p style="text-align: left;">The collaborative approach Craw and Waters developed is now used in other countries. James Albert, an ecologist at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, studies how freshwater fish in South America have evolved in response to the uplift of the Andes.<br /><br />The New Zealand team, Albert said, has “probably the most well developed system” of matching fish genetics with geology in the world.<br /><br />Albert, who was not involved in the New Zealand research, explained that the close agreement between galaxiids and gravel in the New Zealand work confirmed the accuracy of the team’s methods.<br /><br />“One of the assumptions,” he said, “is that the only way the fishes can move among river basins is when there’s river capture. But it’s also possible, in principle, that birds can move fish around.”<br /><br />That, he said, “could screw up this kind of analysis. But the patterns [they] have found here are very reasonable interpretations of the underlying geology.”<br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;">Buried Treasure</h4><p style="text-align: left;">The study results suggested that an ancient riverbed is lying under farmland southwest of the modern-day Mataura River. The buried river may well be loaded with gold, Craw said. Extraction, however, is not likely anytime soon.<br /><br />“There’s probably 50 meters (164 feet) or more of gravel sitting on top,” he said. “That’s a lot of diesel [fuel] to remove that.”<br /><br />If the economics of mining were to change, however, such buried rivers may one day prove lucrative. Craw pointed out that a nearby active gold mine needed 40 meters (130 feet) of gravel removed to become operational. “It can be done,” he said. “So maybe in 20 years’ time, they’ll take the top off it.”<br /><br /><br /><u>The above post is reprinted from <a href="https://eos.org/articles/in-new-zealand-fish-are-helping-scientists-find-gold" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Eos.</a> Original written by <a href="https://eos.org/author/bill-morris" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Bill Morris</a>.</u><br /><br /></p>

Fish Are Helping Scientists Find Gold

Enormous amounts of gold lie buried beneath the rubble of New Zealand’s mountains, and scientists are using freshwater fish genetics to find...

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Types of Drainage Patterns

<div dir="rtl" style="text-align: right;" trbidi="on"> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"><b>Drainage pattern </b>a pattern created by stream erosion over time that reveals characteristics of the kind of rocks and geologic structures in a landscape region drained by streams.</div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;"> Drainage pattern<b> </b>is the pattern formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. They are governed by the<b> topography of the land</b>, <b>whether </b>a particular region is dominated by <b>hard or soft rocks</b>, and the <b>gradient of the land</b>.<br /> <br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzCoaX3V7Tpe4_hmbho1JWMFZXpYKG4B45t1NXLlCkknFRmwlyfwiCF0071dwK3cFwJTy9P8nz8QNMo8aOaz-F5AfriHZIDAsNcg2NASafoivz7-fTffbGiePXqP0Bi99TJp50wKgoGWKoJYlUBXiDJwaUIiqtHmg4O9Rz2tQ4xrnZaqBOWWkF9mMu/s1200/Types%20of%20Drainage%20Patterns%20(1).webp" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Types of Drainage Patterns" border="0" data-original-height="727" data-original-width="1200" height="242" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzCoaX3V7Tpe4_hmbho1JWMFZXpYKG4B45t1NXLlCkknFRmwlyfwiCF0071dwK3cFwJTy9P8nz8QNMo8aOaz-F5AfriHZIDAsNcg2NASafoivz7-fTffbGiePXqP0Bi99TJp50wKgoGWKoJYlUBXiDJwaUIiqtHmg4O9Rz2tQ4xrnZaqBOWWkF9mMu/w400-h242-rw/Types%20of%20Drainage%20Patterns%20(1).webp" title="Types of Drainage Patterns" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Types of Drainage Patterns</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><br /> <b>Geomorphologists</b> and hydrologists often view streams as being part of drainage basins. A drainage basin is the topographic region from which a stream receives runoff, throughflow, and groundwater flow. Drainage basins are divided from each other by topographic barriers called a watershed.<br /> <br /> A watershed represents all of the stream tributaries that flow to some location along the stream channel. The number, size, and shape of the drainage basins found in an area varies and the larger the topographic map, the more information on the drainage basin is available.<br /><br /> <div style="margin: 0px auto; width: 100%;"> <script async="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-1021498709184325"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1021498709184325" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="3878143984" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"> ❖ The pattern of tributaries within a drainage basin depends largely on the type of rock beneath, and on structures within that rock (folds, fractures, faults, etc.).</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /><br />❖ Drainage patterns are formed by the process of stream incision. As streams flow over the land, they erode the bedrock and create valleys. The tributaries to the main stream join at the mouths of the valleys, forming the drainage pattern.<br /><br />❖ Drainage patterns can be used to map the underlying geology of an area. For example, a dendritic drainage pattern suggests that the underlying bedrock is uniform, while a parallel drainage pattern suggests that the underlying bedrock is folded or faulted.<br /><br />❖ Drainage patterns can also be used to map the topography of an area. For example, a dendritic drainage pattern suggests that the slopes are gentle, while a parallel drainage pattern suggests that the slopes are steep.<br /><br />❖ Drainage patterns can be affected by a number of factors, including climate, vegetation, and human activity. For example, climate can affect the rate of stream incision, vegetation can affect the amount of erosion, and human activity can change the course of streams.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKus9v6OWA0Inid7HrHJIXeDJl7IcthKSBOvA8y18rpl0rKt-hYnR5he4ZKbsaFKMjOHxW1WMAr5Xd-oQJOGYApDA2T9Rz2hn-WUVKvOHATy3MQisUoQN8zaFKH3OxPW_wuHibuHPWSP3BCCbCyz8d29VCZDbk8NM1Pbsb84VwQIpNy0DFBuyEP_WS/s1200/Types%20of%20Drainage%20Patterns.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Types of Drainage Patterns" border="0" data-original-height="644" data-original-width="1200" height="215" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKus9v6OWA0Inid7HrHJIXeDJl7IcthKSBOvA8y18rpl0rKt-hYnR5he4ZKbsaFKMjOHxW1WMAr5Xd-oQJOGYApDA2T9Rz2hn-WUVKvOHATy3MQisUoQN8zaFKH3OxPW_wuHibuHPWSP3BCCbCyz8d29VCZDbk8NM1Pbsb84VwQIpNy0DFBuyEP_WS/w400-h215-rw/Types%20of%20Drainage%20Patterns.webp" title="Types of Drainage Patterns" width="400" /></a></div><br /> </div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #2b00fe; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: medium;"> The main types of drainage patterns:</span></h3> <div style="text-align: left;"> <b>➤ Dendritic patterns</b>, which are by far the most common, also known as<b> pinnate drainage,</b> looks like the branching of a tree, found in regions with homogenous material. develop in areas where the rock (or unconsolidated material) beneath the stream has no particular fabric or structure and can be eroded equally easily in all directions. These develop in areas where the rock such as granite, gneiss, volcanic rock, and sedimentary rock which has not been folded (or unconsolidated material) beneath the stream has no particular fabric or structure and can be eroded equally easily in all directions. Truly dendritic systems form in V-shaped valleys; as a result, the rock types must be impervious and non-porous.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> <b>➤ Trellis drainage</b> patterns typically develop where sedimentary rocks have been folded or tilted and then eroded to varying degrees depending on their strength. In this type, the short subsequent streams meet the main stream at right angles. Through soft rocks differential erosion paves the way for tributaries. Trellis drainage patterns have a number of implications for the environment. They can increase the risk of flooding, as the streams are more likely to overflow their banks during heavy rains. They can also make it difficult to develop land, as the streams can create barriers to transportation and development.However, trellis drainage patterns can also have some benefits. They can help to improve water quality, as the streams are more likely to filter through the soil before reaching the main stream. They can also provide habitat for a variety of plants and animals, as the streams create a variety of habitats, such as wetlands and riparian forests. <br /> <b><br />➤ Rectangular patterns</b> develop in areas that have very little topography and a system of bedding planes, fractures, or faults that form a rectangular network. These are found in regions that have undergone faulting. It develops in the area that have very little topography and a system of bedding planes, fractures, or faults that form a rectangular network.<br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> ➤ <b>Parallel drainage</b> system is a pattern of rivers caused by steep slopes with some relief. Because of the steep slopes, the streams are swift and straight, with very few tributaries, and all flow in the same direction. Parallel drainage patterns form where there is a pronounced slope to the surface. A parallel pattern also develops in regions of parallel, elongate landforms like outcropping resistant rock bands. </div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <b>➤ Radial drainag</b>e system, the streams radiate outwards from a central high point. Develops around a central elevated point where the streams radiate outwards from a central high point. Volcanoes usually display excellent radial drainage. Other geological features on which radial drainage commonly develops are domes and laccoliths. On these features the drainage may exhibit a combination of radial patterns. The tributaries from a summit follow the slope downwards and drain down in all directions.<br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"> </div> <div style="text-align: left;"> ➤ The <b>centripetal drainage</b> system is similar to the radial drainage system, with the only exception that radial drainage flows out versus centripetal drainage flows in.<br /> <br /> ➤ A <b>deranged drainage</b> system is a drainage system in drainage basins where there is no coherent pattern to the rivers and lakes. It happens in areas where there has been much geological disruption. Develop from the disruption of a pre-existing drainage pattern. <br /><br /> <b>➤ Angular drainage</b> patterns form where bedrock joints and faults intersect at more acute angles than rectangular drainage patterns. Angles are both more and less than 90 degrees.</div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><b>➤ Barbed Drainage Pattern </b>– This pattern is developed where the confluence of a tributary with the main river is characterized by a discordant junction, as if the tributary intends to flow upstream and not downstream. It is the result of capture of the main river which completely reverses its direction of flow, while the tributaries continue to point in the direction of former flow.</div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><b>➤ Annular Drainage Pattern-</b> When the upland has an outer soft stratum, the radial streams develop subsequent tributaries which try to follow a circular drainage around the summit. It is best displayed by streams draining a maturely dissected structural dome or basin where erosion has exposed rimming sedimentary strata of greatly varying degrees of hardness.</div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><b>➤ Herringbone drainage pattern</b> is characterized by a series of streams that flow in a series of V-shaped patterns. Herringbone drainage patterns are typically found in areas with areas with a regular pattern of faults or joints. <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The main types of drainage patterns:</span></span></span></h3> <br /></div> </div> </div>

Types of Drainage Patterns

Drainage pattern a pattern created by stream erosion over time that reveals characteristics of the kind of rocks and geologic structures ...

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The Geology Behind the Deadly Earthquakes in Turkey

<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD233-jaioWJZlJQO3_ymkilkNsYhLh8YZyEHZH3FGvubr7BtJ1C9cgvLDEAjxoONXwtLoTVDxHWskO5ySB9nXcdFUcQG95dNN5yiOacohQfbYgXKDzsP_brSBKqJCQSesZpI-hgBVSwH-E_M88jrMUP_VHvaDhzuHCRNL4iUqiUWGXfwVZhLSYpmy/s1280/The%20geology%20behind%20the%20deadly%20earthquakes%20in%20Turkey%20and%20Syria.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Geology Behind the Deadly Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria" border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="225" loading="lazy" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD233-jaioWJZlJQO3_ymkilkNsYhLh8YZyEHZH3FGvubr7BtJ1C9cgvLDEAjxoONXwtLoTVDxHWskO5ySB9nXcdFUcQG95dNN5yiOacohQfbYgXKDzsP_brSBKqJCQSesZpI-hgBVSwH-E_M88jrMUP_VHvaDhzuHCRNL4iUqiUWGXfwVZhLSYpmy/w400-h225-rw/The%20geology%20behind%20the%20deadly%20earthquakes%20in%20Turkey%20and%20Syria.jpg" title="The Geology Behind the Deadly Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Geology Behind the Deadly Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="text-align: left;"></p><h3 style="text-align: left;">Why Have So Many Earthquakes Hit Turkey and Syria?</h3><p style="text-align: left;">Earthquakes in Syria and Turkey are common, but the magnitude 7.8 that shook the region on 6 February at 4:17am local time is clearly impressive. To find earthquakes this strong on this particular fault, we would have to go back to the year 1114.<br /><br />Ten minutes after the strongest earthquake, an aftershock of magnitude 6.7 struck near the epicentre. “Aftershocks” are earthquakes that occur after every major earthquake, and their statistical behaviour is well known. At the time of writing, others continue to affect an area stretching over 350 kilometres from eastern Turkey to the Syrian border.<br /><br />More surprisingly and dramatically, a second earthquake of magnitude 7.5 struck at 1:24pm local time, further north. This earthquake was not an aftershock: according to the first data processed live by the major international seismological agencies, it would have occurred on an east-west fault crossing-cutting the main rupture trace.<br /><br />Seismologists consider Turkey a tectonically active area, where three tectonic plates—the Anatolia, Arabia, and Africa plates—touch and interact with each other. The two major fault lines surrounding it, the North Anatolian Fault and the East Anatolian Fault—which has a slip rate of between 6 and 10 millimeters per year—are gradually squeezing the country westward toward the Mediterranean Sea. Yet, many buildings in the region are not built to withstand large earthquakes, according to the US Geological Survey (USGS), making the destruction worse. <br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Plate tectonics</span></h4><p style="text-align: left;">The Anatolian Plate is a continental tectonic plate that is separated from the Eurasian plate and the Arabian plate by the North Anatolian Fault and the East Anatolian Fault respectively. Most of the country of Turkey is located on the Anatolian plate. Most significant earthquakes in the region have historically occurred along the northern fault, such as the 1939 Erzincan earthquake. The devastating 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake occurred along the active East Anatolian fault at a strike slip fault where the Arabian plate is sliding past the Anatolian plate horizontally.<br /></p><div style="margin: 0px auto; width: 100%;"> <ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-1021498709184325" data-ad-format="fluid" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-slot="6157425841" style="display: block; text-align: center;"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><br />The Anatolian transform fault system is "probably the most active in the world".The East Anatolian Fault, a left lateral transform fault, forms a boundary with the Arabian Plate. To the south and southwest is a convergent boundary with the African Plate. This convergence manifests in compressive features within the oceanic crust beneath the Mediterranean as well as within the continental crust of Anatolia itself, and also by what are generally considered to be subduction zones along the Hellenic and Cyprus arcs. The northern edge is a transform boundary with the Eurasian Plate, forming the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ).<br /><br />Research indicates that the Anatolian Plate is rotating counterclockwise as it is being pushed west by the Arabian Plate, impeded from any northerly movement by the Eurasian Plate. In some references, the Anatolian Plate is referred to as a "block" of continental crust still coupled to the Eurasian Plate. But studies of the North Anatolian Fault indicate that Anatolia is de-coupled from the Eurasian Plate. It is now being squeezed by the Arabian Plate from the east and forced toward the west as the Eurasian Plate to its north is blocking motion in that direction. The African Plate is subducting beneath the Anatolian Plate along the Cyprus and Hellenic Arcs offshore in the Mediterranean Sea.<br /><p></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">Earthquakes may trigger other earthquakes</span></h4><p style="text-align: left;">An earthquake happens when a fault – a fracture in the first kilometres of the Earth’s crust – slips rapidly, within seconds, abruptly releasing the energy that has been growing over tens to hundreds of years by the slow motion of tectonic plates. When this happens, the released energy leads to shaking of the ground: the earthquake.<br /><br />Some earthquakes are linked to each other: when the fault breaks, earthquakes release part of the energy and reorganise part of it in the Earths’ crust, which can trigger new earthquakes. For instance, one can consider the series of earthquakes of magnitude greater than 7 that have cascaded from east to west for about 800 kilometres over the course of the 20th century along the North Anatolian fault. Each earthquake brought the nearby fault segment of the North Anatolian fault closer to a rupture.<br /><br />The notable point is that the entire length of the North Anatolian Fault ruptured between 1939 and 1999. The last unbroken segment runs across the Sea of Marmara, very close to Istanbul, between the epicenters of the 1999 Izmit and 1912 Ganos earthquakes.<br /><br />If a fault section is already well loaded (close to rupture), when a big earthquake hits nearby, then a second earthquake might happen. Otherwise, it will be necessary to wait for the motion of tectonic plates to bring the remaining energy necessary to trigger an earthquake. This is called “static triggering”.<br /></p><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: georgia;">When giant earthquakes trigger other earthquakes… at a distance</span></h4><p style="text-align: left;">There is also a type of triggering known as “dynamic”. In some cases, the energy excess resulting from a large earthquake is not large enough to explain the occurrence of certain earthquakes, especially if they are located far away from the epicentre of the main shock.<br /><br />For example, following the 1992 Landers and 1999 Hector Mine earthquakes in California, earthquake swarms were observed several hundreds of kilometres from the epicentre. It has been shown that these earthquakes occurred exactly during the passage of the strongest seismic waves emitted by these two earthquakes. At such distances, this shaking, the seismic waves, cannot be felt by humans, but apparently, seismic faults do.<br /><br />Similar observations have been made in the laboratory to show that during the passage of these seismic waves, the material that makes up the core of the fault weakens, causing a sudden sliding, i.e., an earthquake.<br /><br />This kind of behaviour comes from the physics of granular media, which behave like fluids while being shaken. Shaking a pile of sand quickly will cause it to flatten under its own weight, whereas without the shaking, it would stand still.<br /><br />So shaking a fault quickly can cause it to slip, producing earthquakes. It has also been observed that these seismic waves can trigger slow slippage at colossal distances. The seismic waves emitted by the Maule earthquake, a magnitude 8.9 earthquake that struck Chile in 2010, caused a slow earthquake along the Mexico subduction, about 7,000 kilometres from the epicentre.</p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /><br />Mohs scale of mineral hardness<br /><br /><b style="font-family: "Helvetica Neue"; font-size: 10px;">See also: How Turkey's Deadly Earthquake Moved the Country 10 Feet</b></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>

The Geology Behind the Deadly Earthquakes in Turkey

The Geology Behind the Deadly Earthquakes in Turkey and Syria Why Have So Many Earthquakes Hit Turkey and Syria? Earthquakes in Syria and Tu...

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